The Origin of Medicine
At one time, animals and people lived together peaceably and talked with each other. But when mankind began to multiply rapidly, the animals were crowded into forests and deserts.
Man began to destroy animals wholesale for their skins and furs, not just for needed food. Animals became angry at such treatment by their former friends, resolving they must punish mankind.
The bear tribe met in council, presided over by Old White Bear, their Chief. After several bears had spoken against mankind for their bloodthirsty ways, war was unanimously agreed upon. But what kinds of weapons should the bears use?
Chief Old White Bear suggested that man's weapon, the bow and arrow, should be turned against him. All of the council agreed. While the bears worked and made bows and arrows, they wondered what to do about bowstrings. One of the bears sacrificed himself to provide the strings, while the others searched for good arrow- wood.
When the first bow was completed and tried, the bear's claws could not release the strings to shoot the arrow. One bear offered to cut his claws, but Chief Old White Bear would not allow him to do that, because without claws he could not climb trees for food and safety. He might starve.
The deer tribe called together its council led by Chief Little Deer. They decided that any Indian hunters, who killed deer without asking pardon in a suitable manner, should be afflicted with painful rheumatism in their joints.
After this decision, Chief Little Deer sent a messenger to their nearest neighbours, the Cherokee Indians.
"From now on, your hunters must first offer a prayer to the deer before killing him," said the messenger. "You must ask his pardon, stating you are forced only by the hunger needs of your tribe to kill the deer. Otherwise, a terrible disease will come to the hunter."
When a deer is slain by an Indian hunter, Chief Little Deer will run to the spot and ask the slain deer's spirit, "Did you hear the hunter's prayer for pardon?"
If the reply is yes, then all is well and Chief Little Deer returns to his cave. But if the answer is no, then the Chief tracks the hunter to his lodge and strikes him with the terrible disease of rheumatism, making him a helpless cripple unable to hunt again.
All the fishes and reptiles then held a council and decided they would haunt those Cherokee Indians, who tormented them, by telling them hideous dreams of serpents twining around them and eating them alive. These snake and fish dreams occurred often among the Cherokees. To get relief, the Cherokees pleaded with their Shaman to banish their frightening dreams if they no longer tormented the snakes and fish.
Now when the friendly plants heard what the animals had decided against mankind, they planned a counter move of their own. Each tree, shrub, herb, grass, and moss agreed to furnish a cure for one of the diseases named by the animals and insects.
Thereafter, when the Cherokee Indians visited their Shaman about their ailments and if the medicine man was in doubt, he communed with the spirits of the plants. They always suggested a proper remedy for mankind's diseases.
This was the beginning of plant medicine from nature among the Cherokee Indian nation a long, long time ago.
Cultural Tidbits of the Cherokee "Origin of Disease and Medicine"
The old ones tell us that at one time, the animals, fish, insects and plants could all talk. Together with the people, they were at peace and had a great friendship. As time went on, the numbers of people grew so much that their settlements spread over the whole earth, and the animals found themselves cramped for space. To make things worse, the people invented bows, knives, blowguns, spears, and hooks, and they began to hunt and kill the larger animals, birds and fish only for their hides. The smaller creatures, like the frogs and worms, were stepped upon and crushed without thought, out of carelessness, and sometimes even contempt. The animals decided to meet in a council to agree on measures for their safety.
The bears were the first ones to meet in a council, at Mulberry Place, or Kuwahi mountain. The old White Bear Chief led the council. After each one had his turn of complaining about the way people killed their friends, ate their flesh, and used their skins for his own purposes, they decided to begin a war at once against man. One of the bears asked what kind of weapons the people used to destroy them. "Bows and arrows!" exclaimed all the Bears together. "What are they made of?" was the next question. "The bow is made of wood, and the string is made of our entrails," replied one of the Bears. They then decided they would make a bow and see if they could use the same type of weapon the people were using. One of the Bears got a nice piece of locust wood, and another bear sacrificed himself for the good and betterment of his brothers of sisters. He offered to let his entrails be used for the string of the bow. When everything was ready, a Bear found that in letting the arrow fly after drawing the string, his long claws got in the way and his shot was ruined. He was very frustrated, but someone suggested they clip his claws. After this, it was found that the arrow went straight to the mark. But, the Chief White Bear objected, saying they must not trim their claws as they needed them to climb trees. "One of us already gave his life, and if we cut off our claws, then we must all starve together. I think we should trust and use the teeth and claws the Creator gave us, and it is plain that the people's weapons were not made for us."
They could not think of a better plan, so the chief White Bear dismissed council and the Bears dispersed throughout the woods without having come up with a way to protect themselves. Had they come up with such a way, we would not be at war with the Bears, but the way it is today, the hunter does not even ask the Bear's pardon when he kills one.
The Deer held the next council, under their Chief Little Deer. They decided they would send arthritis to every hunter who kills one of them, unless he made sure to ask their pardon for the offense. They sent out a notice of their decision to the nearest settlement of Cherokees and told them how they could avoid this. Now, whenever a hunter shoots a Deer, Little Deer, who is swift as the wind and cannot be harmed, goes quickly to the spot and asks the spirit of the Deer if it has heard the prayer of the hunter, asking for pardon. If the spirit replies yes, everything is in balance. If the reply is no, Little Deer follows the trail of the hunter, and when resting in his home, Little Deer enters invisibly and strikes the hunter with arthritis. No hunter who regards his own health ever fails to ask pardon of the Deer for killing it.
Next, the Fish and Reptiles held their own council. They decided to make their victims dream of snakes climbing about them, and blowing stinky breath in their faces. They also dream of decaying fish, so that they would lose their appetites and die of hunger.
Finally, the Birds, Insects and smaller animals came together for their own council. The Grubworm was the Chief of the council. They decided that each should give his opinion, and then they would vote as to whether or not the people were guilty. Seven votes would be enough for a guilty verdict. One after another, they complained about man's cruelty and disrespect. The Frog spoke first, saying, "We must do something to slow down how fast they are multiplying! Otherwise, we will disappear from the face of the earth through extinction!" The Frog continued, "They have kicked me about because they say I am ugly and now my back is covered with sores." He showed them the spots on his back. Next, the Bird condemned people because, "They burn off my feet in the barbecue!" Others followed with their own complaints. The Groundsquirrel was the only one to say something in the people's defense, because he was so small he did not endure the hunting and disrespect. The others became so angry at him, the swooped on him and tore him with their claws. The stripes are on his back until this day.
They began to name so many new diseases, one after another. The Grubworm was more and more pleased as all these new names were being called off.
Then the Plants, who were friendly to man, heard about all these things the animals were doing to the people. Each tree, shrub, and herb, agreed to furnish a cure for some of the diseases. Each said, "I will appear and help the people when they call upon me." This is how the medicines came to be. Every plant has a use, if only we would learn it and remember it. They have furnished the remedy to counteract the diseases brought on by the revengeful animals. Even weeds were made for some good purpose. You must ask, and learn for yourself. When a doctor does not know which medicine to use, the spirit of the plant will tell the sick person.
Cherokee Medicine
The Cherokee pharmacopoeia includes
more than 600 species of native plants.
Much of this traditional knowledge is
not widely shared;recipes for medicines
were gifted to certain people, and by sharing
medicinal knowledge, it was thought that the
medicine could lose its power. Cherokee medicines
are more than just herbal remedies;
healing involves a person’s physical, spiritual,
and emotional self as well as his or her environment.
When all of these things are in balance, an individual is healthy.
There are four common ways of processing
plants for medicinal use:
Decoction – plant material is placed in
large amounts of water and boiled for a
period of time. Plant material is strained
and discarded; liquid is retained for use.
Infusion – the plant material is placed in
boiled water for a short
time, similar to making tea.
Macerate – plant
material is pounded
or shredded and then
soaked in cold water.
Poultice – plant material
is prepared by boiling or
macerating and then
wrapping them in a
cloth, which is then applied to the ailing
spot.
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Historically, plants have played an important role in medicine. For early peoples, they came easily to hand, and were intricately connected to diet and healing. Through observation and experimentation, they learned which plants promoted health and well-being.
Many plants we rely on today were "field tested" by First Nations people hundreds, even thousands, of years before Europeans explored this continent. Early people used almost 3,000 different plants as medicine. Black cohosh, a staple of Cherokee medicine, served many purposes ranging from use as as diuretic to a cure for rheumatic pains. Bloodroot provided the Cherokee with medicine to cure coughs and lung inflamations. Blue cohosh, another eastern woodland plant, helped cure toothaches for the Cherokee, while the Chippewa used the root to treat cramps.
Over time, the practice of herbal medicine has grown more complex. Science has enabled us to process natural substances into pills, tinctures and powders. However, the development of a market economy also has distanced consumers from the wild plants that are the source of medicines.
White sage
(Salvia apiana) White sage is primarily used as an incense, and is burned to give a general sense of well-being as well as to drive away specific ailments. Several species are called "sage" and burned in this fashion, most of them in the mugwort genus. Salvia apiana, however, is a true sage, closely related to the sage used in cooking.
White sage is not an especially rare plant within its range (which is mostly within the state of California), but it is endemic to one particular area and is not found elsewhere. Because white sage favors open spaces of the same sort that buildings often grow in, and because much of its range is located near populous areas, there is some pressure from development. Additionally, white sage is extensively harvested from the wild, and there is some concern that the rate at which the plant grows might not be sufficient to keep up with the popular demand.
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
plantsgrow to about two feet tall and can live
over 30 years. People that harvest American ginseng
call the leaves of the plant “prongs” and identify
plants by the number of prongs, such as 2-
prongs and 3-prongs. Most 3-prong plants are
at least 5 years of age or older, which is the legal
age for ginseng roots that can be exported. It’s
reported that the largest root was harvested in
Michigan and weighed 2.6 pounds!
American ginseng’s sister, Asian ginseng
(Panax ginseng), occurs in China, Korea, and
the Russian Federation. In China, it was used
for over 5,000 years, but due to over-harvest
it is considered rare in the wild. That’s why
almost all American ginseng harvested in the
United States is exported to China.
American ginseng is native to eastern hardwood
forests of Canada and the United States, where
it was traditionally used by many different Indian
tribes. In 1716, Joseph Lafitau, a Jesuit priest,
found ginseng growing near Montréal in eastern
Canada. His find drew public attention to the
plant and ginseng harvest and trade with China
was quickly established. Later, trade spread
south to the United States.
In 1788, Daniel Boone collected about 15 tons
(that’s 30,000 pounds!) of wild ginseng roots
in the area that is now Kentucky and West
Virginia. He was transporting the roots in a
boat to Philadelphia, when severe weather
caused his boat to sink. He managed to
save some of the roots, but by the time he
reached Philadelphia, the price for ginseng had
dramatically dropped.
Over-harvest of American ginseng in Canada
has put the species on its endangered species
list, which prohibits the collection of roots
growing in the wild in Canada. Both American
ginseng and Asian ginseng are listed in Appendix
II of the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES). The aim of CITES is to ensure that
international trade of wild plants and animals is
sustainable and does not threaten the survival
A dried American ginseng root. of species in the wild.
Echinacea
(Echinacea spp.) Also known as purple coneflower, this genus has 9 species, 3 of which have been commercially cultivated (E. angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea). Prairie natives, they are drought-tolerant, with long taproots.
E. tennesseensis and E. laevigata are protected under the Endangered Species Act, and their use is prohibited. Sometimes, the other less common species such as E. atrorubens and E. paradoxa are harvested and sold as E. angustifolia. Approximately 95 percent of the E. purpurea used for commercial purposes comes from cultivated sources. Roots, stems, and leaves of echinacea are used in formulas to help build the immune system.
Wild Indigo
(Baptisia tinctoria) Among the Cherokee and Iroquois, wild indigo is a traditional remedy for various sorts of pain, as well as for ailments of the liver and venereal disease. Among the Eclectic Physicians of the 18th and early 19th centuries, the plant was esteemed as a remedy in cases of intermittent fevers, typhus, and dysentery. Modern research has found that this plant stimulates the immune system. Although wild indigo is not extremely rare or extremely popular, it is uncommon in some parts of its range. If research into this plant makes it a popular remedy as it did for echinacea, there is a real possibility that wild indigo may disappear from these parts of its range.
Cultivation: Wild Indigo thrives in dry open areas with a little shade. The beans can be sown after the last frost, or the plant can be sprouted indoors in flats and transplanted. The plants should be grown at least 24" apart. It does not tolerate frost well. The root is harvested after the fruits ripen and the plant begins to die, generally in September of the second year but possibly earlier, depending on the climate. It thrives best in southern states with a long growing season.
Blue Cohosh
(Caulophyllum thalictroides) Named for its bluish stem, Blue Cohosh is another eastern woodland native that enjoys rich moist soils. Wildcrafted for its root, it is increasingly popular as a remedy for menstrual disorders. Also, studies have shown the plant extract inhibits the implantation of a fertilized egg. Further research is needed to determine this plant's potential as a contraceptive.
Cultivation: Cultivation is being attempted on a small-scale, experimental basis.
Black Cohosh
Native Americans used Black Cohosh as a treatment for various female conditions, rheumatism as well as other ailments (Moerman 1988). European settlers learned the medicinal uses from Native American and brought it back to Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. Early settlers used it to treat small pox (Predny et al. 2006; Wood 2000). Black Cohosh root was listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia as an official drug from 1820-1926 (Foster 2000) and has been used as a standardized phytomedicine in Europe since the 50's. Today, black cohosh root is used primarily to treat symptoms of menopause.
Black Cohosh has anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and anti-spasmodic effects. It increases circulation and has been employed to bring on delayed menses (Tierra 1988). Use of black cohosh is not recommended during pregnancy.
Goldenseal
Goldenseal is one of the oldest documented medicinal plants of North American origin (Foster 2000). The alkaloids berberine, canadine and hydrastine are believed to be responsible for goldenseal’s medicinal activity. Many beneficial uses have been ascribed to goldenseal, including antibacterial, antifungal and anti-yeast activity, especially against digestive pathogens.
Native Americans (including the Blackfoot, Cherokee, Crow, Iroquois, Meskwaki, Micmac, and Seminole) have used goldenseal internally (for respiratory, immune system and gastrointestinal ailments), and externally for inflammation (Moerman 1998; Persons & Davis 2005). For more information,
check the Native American Ethnobotany Database.
Many herbal medicines include Hydrastis, especially those with Echinacea. Hydrastis is also used as a synergistic or carrier herb (Bannerman 1997). However, product labels may not indicate Hydrastis as an ingredient, when used as a carrier herb (NatureServe 2007).
Bloodroot
(Sanguinaria canadensis) Also called redroot, bloodroot grows in eastern woodlands, often together with Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) and Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum biflorum). Valued for its root, bloodroot has been used historically to reduce tumors. Research focusing on its role in cancer reduction is underway. Also, the main plant extract has been incorporated into toothpaste and mouthwash for years due to its ability to reduce plaque and gingivitis.
Stoneroot
(Collinsonia canadensis) Stoneroot is a member of the mint family, and gets its name from its extremely hard, dense, and slow-growing rhizome. Among the Iroquois and other nations of the East, the roots of this plant have a tradition of use as a stimulating remedy for ailments of the heart and kidneys, as well as for general listlessness. The leaves and root of the plant have been applied externally as an anti-inflamatory, while the leaves have been taken internally to induce vomiting. Stoneroot was once common as an herbal remedy. A manual from the early 1900s recommends it for a wide range of complaints, such as "Minister's sore throat, heart disease, diseases of the kidneys, chronic gastritis..." and a host of other conditions. It was never widely cultivated, and over-harvesting may have led to extirpation in some areas.
Today, stoneroot is not one of the most commonly seen botanicals on the health-food store shelves. Its tonic properties and historical usage, however, might lead to its being "rediscovered" some day, and this could quickly lead to a popular demand far beyond what could be wildcrafted in an ethical manner.
Cultivation: Stoneroot is not difficult to cultivate, and is sometimes grown as an ornamental. Growing it as a crop is more difficult, since it takes a long time to produce enough rhizome to make growing and harvest profitable. Seed is best sown outdoors in late fall or early spring, in a coldframe or covered flat. The plant will germinate in 8-10 weeks, and may bloom from July through September. The seedlings should be planted out when it is large enough to handle. Stoneroot thrives in areas of dappled shade and moist, acidic soil. It grows well among shallow-rooted trees such as maples. The root can be harvested in the second or third year, or later.
Pink Lady's Slipper
(Cypripedium acaule) Pink lady's slipper is a large, showy wildflower belonging to the orchid family. The root of lady's slipper has traditionally been used as a remedy for nervousness, tooth pain, and muscle spasms. In the 1800's and 1900's it (and other species of the genus) were widely used as a substitute for the European plant valerian (also a sedative).
Because this plant has an extremely long life cycle, taking many years to go from seed to mature, seed-bearing plant, and because it will grow only in very specific circumstances, the harvest of wild lady's slipper root is often not sustainable. Cultivation is challenging, and the plant has not been widely grown for the medicinal herb market. Cypripedium, along with other orchid species, is listed in Appendix II of CITES, making it illegal to export any part of the plant without a permit. In 1988, the American Herbal Products Association issued a self-regulatory initiative for its members requiring them to refrain from trade in wild-harvested Cypripedium.
Today, there are only a few companies selling lady's slipper or products containing lady's slipper. The plant is still occasionally gathered from the wild for private use by individuals, and is sometimes picked as an ornamental. Perhaps the greatest threat to this plant, however, is habitat loss, since it grows only in a very selective habitat
Cultivation: Pink lady's slipper grows in calcium-containing soils, in forested areas. It has thus far proven nearly impossible to cultivate in a way that would make it feasible as a cash crop. It requires that certain fungal mycelia be present in the soil, so it is almost necessary to grow it in a forested area which either does contain wild lady's slipper, or is at least the type of environment where it is normally found. Usually this means a wet forest area, with dappled shade. Success has been reported in growing lady's slippers in a controlled laboratory environment, but the cost of this generally makes it unprofitable as a medicinal herb.
Devil's Club
(Oplopanax horridus) This member of the ginseng family gets its name from its thorny appearance. It is sometimes confused in the literature with its eastern cousin, Aralia spinosa, also known as devil's club or devil's walking stick. Oplopanax has a tradition of use among the Tlingit, Kwaikiutl, Skagit, and many other nations within its range. It has been used as a blood purifier, pain reliever, tonic, and digestive aid.
It is marketed for these same properties, as well as being used for controlling blood sugar levels. At present, it is not an extremely popular herb, but its popularity and knowledge of its use is growing. The plant is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, but is mostly harvested commercially from the wild. It is found primarily in mature or old growth forests, and so is sensitive to habitat loss as these forests are disturbed or clearcut for timber.
Cultivation: Devil's club is a fairly slow-sprouting plant, sometimes taking 18 months to germinate. It can be propagated vegetatively, by layering, and also self-propagates through root-crown sprouting. Oplopanax prefers clay or loam soil, with poor drainage, ample shade, and copious water. The soil in which it grows best is rich and has a low pH. Devil's club grows naturally at high elevations or in northern latitudes, but can be cultivated elsewhere.
Eyebright
(Euphrasia spp.) A meadow plant growing in a range of soils, eyebright produces small white or purple flowers. The plant is collected when in full flower, and cut off just above the root. It is used to improve sight and to aid in curing other eye diseases. An annual, eyebright is partially parasitic on grasses. It likes extra nitrogen, which may cause it to favor pasture land.
The plant is chiefly collected from the wild. The impact of collection on wild populations is unknown, although concern for the sustainability of this plant is growing. If collected carefully, cutting the tops and leaving a few leaves, eyebright can send out side shoots, flower, and still produce seed during the growing season.
Osha
(Ligusticum porteri) Osha is a member of the parsley family, and inhabits dry meadows in the West. It is traditionally used as a purifying tonic, and is a part of some Native American ceremonies. Modern clinical use of osha includes employing it as a decongestant, and a tonic for the respiratory and upper digestive systems.
Like some other wild members of this family, osha is difficult to cultivate, and so most (if not all) of the commercially available osha is taken from the wild. Because the plants do not reproduce freely, and because the root is the part of the plant taken, stands of osha that are harvested from will diminish in size unless the harvest is done in a very careful, precise way.
Cultivation: Osha is probably best cultivated by assisting propagation in existing (wild) stands. Seeds can be germinated by freezing, then planting in a cold frame, but will generally not thrive or survive under cultivated conditions, apparently requiring some specific combination of soil type/chemistry, weather, and sunlight.
Spikenard
(Aralia racemosa) Aralia racemosa shares the common name "spikenard" with several other medicinal plants, some of which are related and some of which are not. This plant is a member of the Aralia family, which includes the ginsengs as well as ivy. Among the tribes of eastern North America, the spicy root of spikenard has known many uses, most commonly as a blood purifier.
Today, it is sold primarily for these same properties, usually as an ingredient in herbal formulas. Spikenard populations in the wild face not only the pressure of harvesting (and sometimes over-harvesting), but also habitat loss due to development, logging, strip mining, and the clearing of land for farming. Like many other woodland plants, spikenard thrives only in a limited set of circumstances, so such pressures are all the more urgent. Furthermore, spikenard does not have the widespread recognition that ginseng has, although it faces many of the same problems.
Cultivation: Spikenard prefers rich, acidic soils with moist soil and good drainage, and partial to full shade. It thrives on woodland slopes and near the edges of woods. The rootstock is harvested in fall, after the berries have ripened and the leaves have begun to fade. The plant is not mature enough to harvest until after it has produced berries, which is often in the third or fourth year but may take longer.
Spignet - Backache
Make tea or powder of the roots
Rabbit Tobacco - Colds
Make tea of leaves and stalks
Red Alder - High Blood
Make tea of bark
Wild Cherry - Measles and colds
Make tea of bark
Beech Bark - Vomiting
Make tea
Peach Leaves - Boils and risings
Make poultice from leaves and meal
Boneset - Pneumonia
Make tea of leaves and stalks
Small Ragweed - Poison oak or ivy
Heat leaves and rub on
Goldenrod - Consumption
Make tea of leaves and stalks
Ratbane - Typhoid fever
Make tea of leaves and stalks
Elder - Heartburn
Make tea of bark
Ginseng - Colic
Make tea of the roots
12 O'Clock Weed - Kills flies
Crush leaves in sweet milk
Queen of the Meadow - Nausea at certain times
Make tea of leaves and roots
Christmas Fern - Fever
Make tea of leaves or stems
Ground Ivy - Hives
Make tea of leaves or stems
Yellow Root - Sore mouth, sore throat or stomach trouble
Make tea of the roots
Heat Leaves - Cold
Beat the whole plant and make tea
Bull Nettle - Stop teething babies from slobbering
Make beads of roots
Blackberry
One of the herbs known the longest time for soothing stomach problems is the blackberry. Using a strong tea from the roots is helpful is reducing and soothing swollen tissues and joints. An infusion from the leaves is also used as a tonic for stimulating the entire system. A decoction from the roots, sweetened with sugar or honey, makes a syrup used for an expectorant. It is also healing for sore throats and gums. The leaves can also be chewed fresh to soothe bleeding gums.
The Cherokee historically use the tea for curing diarrhea.
Gum - Black Gum
Cherokee healers use a mild tea made from small pieces of the bark and twigs to relieve chest pains.
Willow Bark
The bark of the branches is stripped and dried. A tea is made from the bark that is useful for aches, pains and headaches. This is the original aspirin!
Cherokee Medicinal Herbs
The Cherokee have been gifted by the Creator with an understanding of the gathering, use and preservation of medicinal herbs. The Cherokee believe that these plants were put on this earth to provide not only healing methods, but preventative measures, as well. Many plants have disappeared throughout the years or have become extremely scarce. Because of this, we recommend extreme care in gathering wild herbs and other plants. The old ones taught that when you gather, only pick or dig every third plant you find. This will ensure that enough specimens remain to continue propagation. Many traditionalists carry on the practice of asking the plant's permission to be gathered, and leave a small gift of thanks. This can be a small bead or other such item. It is also recommended by Cherokee traditionalists that should you find a wild crop of useful herbs, do not share its location unless it is to a person very close to you. This will ensure that large numbers of people do not clean out an entire wild crop in a short time. Additional information regarding the gathering, usage and application of medicinal herbs can be found by talking to the elders of a Cherokee family. Many of these people will still recall some of the home remedies that their families used, as well as provide information on herbs which they themselves use. We share a few of the herbs common to the old Cherokee country, and their uses. Remember, these plants are very valuable as medicines because of the great chemical powers they contain. At the same time, these chemicals can be potentially dangerous if used in the wrong way. Cherokee herbalists have great experience, and have gone through extensive training and observation. Novice herbal practitioners are advised to seek out and develop a close relationship with Cherokee herbalists or their elders to learn how to use these medicines properly. One of the herbs known the longest time for soothing stomach problems is the blackberry. Using a strong tea from the roots is helpful is reducing and soothing swollen tissues and joints. An infusion from the leaves is also used as a tonic for stimulating the entire system. A decoction from the roots, sweetened with sugar or honey, makes a syrup used for an expectorant. It is also healing for sore throats and gums. The leaves can also be chewed fresh to soothe bleeding gums. The Cherokee historically use the tea for curing diarrhea. Cherokee healers use a mild tea made from small pieces of black gum bark and twigs to relieve chest pains. Hummingbird Blossom (Buck Brush) is used by Cherokee healers by making a weak decoction of the roots for a diuretic that stimulates kidney function. Cat Tail (Cattail) is not a healing agent, but is used for preventative medicine. It is an easily digestable food helpful for recovering from illness, as it is bland. Most all parts of the
plant, except for the mature leaves and the seed head, are edible. Due to wide-spread growing areas, it is a reliable food source all across America. The root has a very high starch content, and can be gathered at any time. Preparation is very similar to potatoes, and can be mashed, boiled, or even mixed with other foods. The male plant provides a pollen that is a wonderful source for protein. You can add it as a supplement to other kinds of flour when making breads. A decoction of the small roots of Pull Out a Sticker (Greenbriar) is useful as a blood purifier. It is also a mild diuretic. Some healers make a salve from the leaves and bark, mixed with hog lard, and apply to minor sores, scalds and burns. Some Cherokee healers also use the root tea for arthritis. Mint teas are a stimulant for the stomach, as it aids in digestion. The crushed and bruised leaves can be used as a cold compress, made into a salve, or added to the bath water which relieves itching skin. Cherokee healers also use an infusion of the leaves and stems to lower high blood pressure. Tobacco-like Plant (Mullein) is one of the oldest herbs, and some healers recommend inhaling the smoke from smoldering mullein roots and leaves to soothe asthma attacks and chest congestion. The roots can be made into a warm decoction for soaking swollen feet or reducing swelling in joints. It also reduces swelling from inflammation and soothes painful, irritated tissue. It is particularly useful to the mucous membranes. A tea can be made from the flowers for a mild sedative. All parts of Qua lo ga (common Sumac) have a medicinal use. Mild decoctions from the bark can be used as a gargle for sore throats, and may be taken for a remedy for diarrhea. A tea from the leaves and berries also reduces fevers. Fresh bruised leaves and ripe berries are made into a poultice which soothes poison ivy. A drink from the ripened or dried berries makes a pleasant beverage which is a good source of vitamin C. The Cherokee commonly recommend a mild tea of Big Stretch, or Nuyigala dinadanesgi utana (Wild Ginger) made from the rootstock which is a mild stimulant for the digestive system. It can also help colic, intestinal gas, or the common upset stomach. A strong, hot infusion of the roots can act as an expectorant in eliminating mucus from the lungs. Fresh wild ginger may be substituted for the regular store-bought ginger roots as a spice for cooking. The ripe fruit of What Rabbits Eat, or Jisdu unigisdi (Wild Rose) is a rich source of Vitamin C, and is a reliable preventative and cure for the common cold. The tea from the hips is a mild diuretic, and stimulates the bladder and kidneys. When the infusion of the petals is used, it is an ancient remedy for sore throats. Cherokee healers recommend a decoction of the roots for diarrhea. Squirrel Tail, or Saloli gatoga (Yarrow) has many uses. The best known use is to stop excess bleeding. Freshly crushed leaves can be applied to open wounds or cuts, and the properties of the herb will cause the blood to clot. A fresh juice of yarrow, diluted with spring or distilled water, can halt internal bleeding such as stomach and intestinal disorders. The leaves, prepared as a tea, is believed to stimulate intestinal functions and aid in digestion. It also helps the flow of the kidneys, as well as the gallbladder. A decoction made of the leaves and stems acts as an astringent, and is a wonderful wash for all kinds of skin problems such as acne, chapped hands, and other irritations. Looks Like Coffee, or Kawi Iyusdi (Yellow Dock) is not only a medicinal herb, but also a food. It is much like spinach, but actually contains more vitamins and minerals. Because of the long taproot, it gathers nutrients from deep underground. The leaves are a source of iron, and also have laxative properties. Juices from the stems, prepared in a decoction, can be made into an ointment with beeswax and olive oil, and used for itching, minor sores, diaper rash, and other irritations. Cherokee herbalists prescribe a warm wash made from the decoction of crushed roots for a disinfectant. Juice from the root, not prepared in any certain way, is said to be a cure for ringworm. As always, remember that these plants are very valuable as medicines because of the great chemical powers they contain. At the same time, these chemicals can be potentially dangerous if used in the wrong way. Cherokee herbalists have great experience, and have gone through extensive training and observation. Novice herbal practitioners are advised to seek out and develop a close relationship with Cherokee herbalists or their elders to learn how to use these medicines properly.
MORE COMING SOON
The Cherokee pharmacopoeia includes
more than 600 species of native plants.
Much of this traditional knowledge is
not widely shared;recipes for medicines
were gifted to certain people, and by sharing
medicinal knowledge, it was thought that the
medicine could lose its power. Cherokee medicines
are more than just herbal remedies;
healing involves a person’s physical, spiritual,
and emotional self as well as his or her environment.
When all of these things are in balance, an individual is healthy.
There are four common ways of processing
plants for medicinal use:
Decoction – plant material is placed in
large amounts of water and boiled for a
period of time. Plant material is strained
and discarded; liquid is retained for use.
Infusion – the plant material is placed in
boiled water for a short
time, similar to making tea.
Macerate – plant
material is pounded
or shredded and then
soaked in cold water.
Poultice – plant material
is prepared by boiling or
macerating and then
wrapping them in a
cloth, which is then applied to the ailing
spot.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Historically, plants have played an important role in medicine. For early peoples, they came easily to hand, and were intricately connected to diet and healing. Through observation and experimentation, they learned which plants promoted health and well-being.
Many plants we rely on today were "field tested" by First Nations people hundreds, even thousands, of years before Europeans explored this continent. Early people used almost 3,000 different plants as medicine. Black cohosh, a staple of Cherokee medicine, served many purposes ranging from use as as diuretic to a cure for rheumatic pains. Bloodroot provided the Cherokee with medicine to cure coughs and lung inflamations. Blue cohosh, another eastern woodland plant, helped cure toothaches for the Cherokee, while the Chippewa used the root to treat cramps.
Over time, the practice of herbal medicine has grown more complex. Science has enabled us to process natural substances into pills, tinctures and powders. However, the development of a market economy also has distanced consumers from the wild plants that are the source of medicines.
White sage
(Salvia apiana) White sage is primarily used as an incense, and is burned to give a general sense of well-being as well as to drive away specific ailments. Several species are called "sage" and burned in this fashion, most of them in the mugwort genus. Salvia apiana, however, is a true sage, closely related to the sage used in cooking.
White sage is not an especially rare plant within its range (which is mostly within the state of California), but it is endemic to one particular area and is not found elsewhere. Because white sage favors open spaces of the same sort that buildings often grow in, and because much of its range is located near populous areas, there is some pressure from development. Additionally, white sage is extensively harvested from the wild, and there is some concern that the rate at which the plant grows might not be sufficient to keep up with the popular demand.
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
plantsgrow to about two feet tall and can live
over 30 years. People that harvest American ginseng
call the leaves of the plant “prongs” and identify
plants by the number of prongs, such as 2-
prongs and 3-prongs. Most 3-prong plants are
at least 5 years of age or older, which is the legal
age for ginseng roots that can be exported. It’s
reported that the largest root was harvested in
Michigan and weighed 2.6 pounds!
American ginseng’s sister, Asian ginseng
(Panax ginseng), occurs in China, Korea, and
the Russian Federation. In China, it was used
for over 5,000 years, but due to over-harvest
it is considered rare in the wild. That’s why
almost all American ginseng harvested in the
United States is exported to China.
American ginseng is native to eastern hardwood
forests of Canada and the United States, where
it was traditionally used by many different Indian
tribes. In 1716, Joseph Lafitau, a Jesuit priest,
found ginseng growing near Montréal in eastern
Canada. His find drew public attention to the
plant and ginseng harvest and trade with China
was quickly established. Later, trade spread
south to the United States.
In 1788, Daniel Boone collected about 15 tons
(that’s 30,000 pounds!) of wild ginseng roots
in the area that is now Kentucky and West
Virginia. He was transporting the roots in a
boat to Philadelphia, when severe weather
caused his boat to sink. He managed to
save some of the roots, but by the time he
reached Philadelphia, the price for ginseng had
dramatically dropped.
Over-harvest of American ginseng in Canada
has put the species on its endangered species
list, which prohibits the collection of roots
growing in the wild in Canada. Both American
ginseng and Asian ginseng are listed in Appendix
II of the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES). The aim of CITES is to ensure that
international trade of wild plants and animals is
sustainable and does not threaten the survival
A dried American ginseng root. of species in the wild.
Echinacea
(Echinacea spp.) Also known as purple coneflower, this genus has 9 species, 3 of which have been commercially cultivated (E. angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea). Prairie natives, they are drought-tolerant, with long taproots.
E. tennesseensis and E. laevigata are protected under the Endangered Species Act, and their use is prohibited. Sometimes, the other less common species such as E. atrorubens and E. paradoxa are harvested and sold as E. angustifolia. Approximately 95 percent of the E. purpurea used for commercial purposes comes from cultivated sources. Roots, stems, and leaves of echinacea are used in formulas to help build the immune system.
Wild Indigo
(Baptisia tinctoria) Among the Cherokee and Iroquois, wild indigo is a traditional remedy for various sorts of pain, as well as for ailments of the liver and venereal disease. Among the Eclectic Physicians of the 18th and early 19th centuries, the plant was esteemed as a remedy in cases of intermittent fevers, typhus, and dysentery. Modern research has found that this plant stimulates the immune system. Although wild indigo is not extremely rare or extremely popular, it is uncommon in some parts of its range. If research into this plant makes it a popular remedy as it did for echinacea, there is a real possibility that wild indigo may disappear from these parts of its range.
Cultivation: Wild Indigo thrives in dry open areas with a little shade. The beans can be sown after the last frost, or the plant can be sprouted indoors in flats and transplanted. The plants should be grown at least 24" apart. It does not tolerate frost well. The root is harvested after the fruits ripen and the plant begins to die, generally in September of the second year but possibly earlier, depending on the climate. It thrives best in southern states with a long growing season.
Blue Cohosh
(Caulophyllum thalictroides) Named for its bluish stem, Blue Cohosh is another eastern woodland native that enjoys rich moist soils. Wildcrafted for its root, it is increasingly popular as a remedy for menstrual disorders. Also, studies have shown the plant extract inhibits the implantation of a fertilized egg. Further research is needed to determine this plant's potential as a contraceptive.
Cultivation: Cultivation is being attempted on a small-scale, experimental basis.
Black Cohosh
Native Americans used Black Cohosh as a treatment for various female conditions, rheumatism as well as other ailments (Moerman 1988). European settlers learned the medicinal uses from Native American and brought it back to Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. Early settlers used it to treat small pox (Predny et al. 2006; Wood 2000). Black Cohosh root was listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia as an official drug from 1820-1926 (Foster 2000) and has been used as a standardized phytomedicine in Europe since the 50's. Today, black cohosh root is used primarily to treat symptoms of menopause.
Black Cohosh has anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and anti-spasmodic effects. It increases circulation and has been employed to bring on delayed menses (Tierra 1988). Use of black cohosh is not recommended during pregnancy.
Goldenseal
Goldenseal is one of the oldest documented medicinal plants of North American origin (Foster 2000). The alkaloids berberine, canadine and hydrastine are believed to be responsible for goldenseal’s medicinal activity. Many beneficial uses have been ascribed to goldenseal, including antibacterial, antifungal and anti-yeast activity, especially against digestive pathogens.
Native Americans (including the Blackfoot, Cherokee, Crow, Iroquois, Meskwaki, Micmac, and Seminole) have used goldenseal internally (for respiratory, immune system and gastrointestinal ailments), and externally for inflammation (Moerman 1998; Persons & Davis 2005). For more information,
check the Native American Ethnobotany Database.
Many herbal medicines include Hydrastis, especially those with Echinacea. Hydrastis is also used as a synergistic or carrier herb (Bannerman 1997). However, product labels may not indicate Hydrastis as an ingredient, when used as a carrier herb (NatureServe 2007).
Bloodroot
(Sanguinaria canadensis) Also called redroot, bloodroot grows in eastern woodlands, often together with Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) and Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum biflorum). Valued for its root, bloodroot has been used historically to reduce tumors. Research focusing on its role in cancer reduction is underway. Also, the main plant extract has been incorporated into toothpaste and mouthwash for years due to its ability to reduce plaque and gingivitis.
Stoneroot
(Collinsonia canadensis) Stoneroot is a member of the mint family, and gets its name from its extremely hard, dense, and slow-growing rhizome. Among the Iroquois and other nations of the East, the roots of this plant have a tradition of use as a stimulating remedy for ailments of the heart and kidneys, as well as for general listlessness. The leaves and root of the plant have been applied externally as an anti-inflamatory, while the leaves have been taken internally to induce vomiting. Stoneroot was once common as an herbal remedy. A manual from the early 1900s recommends it for a wide range of complaints, such as "Minister's sore throat, heart disease, diseases of the kidneys, chronic gastritis..." and a host of other conditions. It was never widely cultivated, and over-harvesting may have led to extirpation in some areas.
Today, stoneroot is not one of the most commonly seen botanicals on the health-food store shelves. Its tonic properties and historical usage, however, might lead to its being "rediscovered" some day, and this could quickly lead to a popular demand far beyond what could be wildcrafted in an ethical manner.
Cultivation: Stoneroot is not difficult to cultivate, and is sometimes grown as an ornamental. Growing it as a crop is more difficult, since it takes a long time to produce enough rhizome to make growing and harvest profitable. Seed is best sown outdoors in late fall or early spring, in a coldframe or covered flat. The plant will germinate in 8-10 weeks, and may bloom from July through September. The seedlings should be planted out when it is large enough to handle. Stoneroot thrives in areas of dappled shade and moist, acidic soil. It grows well among shallow-rooted trees such as maples. The root can be harvested in the second or third year, or later.
Pink Lady's Slipper
(Cypripedium acaule) Pink lady's slipper is a large, showy wildflower belonging to the orchid family. The root of lady's slipper has traditionally been used as a remedy for nervousness, tooth pain, and muscle spasms. In the 1800's and 1900's it (and other species of the genus) were widely used as a substitute for the European plant valerian (also a sedative).
Because this plant has an extremely long life cycle, taking many years to go from seed to mature, seed-bearing plant, and because it will grow only in very specific circumstances, the harvest of wild lady's slipper root is often not sustainable. Cultivation is challenging, and the plant has not been widely grown for the medicinal herb market. Cypripedium, along with other orchid species, is listed in Appendix II of CITES, making it illegal to export any part of the plant without a permit. In 1988, the American Herbal Products Association issued a self-regulatory initiative for its members requiring them to refrain from trade in wild-harvested Cypripedium.
Today, there are only a few companies selling lady's slipper or products containing lady's slipper. The plant is still occasionally gathered from the wild for private use by individuals, and is sometimes picked as an ornamental. Perhaps the greatest threat to this plant, however, is habitat loss, since it grows only in a very selective habitat
Cultivation: Pink lady's slipper grows in calcium-containing soils, in forested areas. It has thus far proven nearly impossible to cultivate in a way that would make it feasible as a cash crop. It requires that certain fungal mycelia be present in the soil, so it is almost necessary to grow it in a forested area which either does contain wild lady's slipper, or is at least the type of environment where it is normally found. Usually this means a wet forest area, with dappled shade. Success has been reported in growing lady's slippers in a controlled laboratory environment, but the cost of this generally makes it unprofitable as a medicinal herb.
Devil's Club
(Oplopanax horridus) This member of the ginseng family gets its name from its thorny appearance. It is sometimes confused in the literature with its eastern cousin, Aralia spinosa, also known as devil's club or devil's walking stick. Oplopanax has a tradition of use among the Tlingit, Kwaikiutl, Skagit, and many other nations within its range. It has been used as a blood purifier, pain reliever, tonic, and digestive aid.
It is marketed for these same properties, as well as being used for controlling blood sugar levels. At present, it is not an extremely popular herb, but its popularity and knowledge of its use is growing. The plant is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, but is mostly harvested commercially from the wild. It is found primarily in mature or old growth forests, and so is sensitive to habitat loss as these forests are disturbed or clearcut for timber.
Cultivation: Devil's club is a fairly slow-sprouting plant, sometimes taking 18 months to germinate. It can be propagated vegetatively, by layering, and also self-propagates through root-crown sprouting. Oplopanax prefers clay or loam soil, with poor drainage, ample shade, and copious water. The soil in which it grows best is rich and has a low pH. Devil's club grows naturally at high elevations or in northern latitudes, but can be cultivated elsewhere.
Eyebright
(Euphrasia spp.) A meadow plant growing in a range of soils, eyebright produces small white or purple flowers. The plant is collected when in full flower, and cut off just above the root. It is used to improve sight and to aid in curing other eye diseases. An annual, eyebright is partially parasitic on grasses. It likes extra nitrogen, which may cause it to favor pasture land.
The plant is chiefly collected from the wild. The impact of collection on wild populations is unknown, although concern for the sustainability of this plant is growing. If collected carefully, cutting the tops and leaving a few leaves, eyebright can send out side shoots, flower, and still produce seed during the growing season.
Osha
(Ligusticum porteri) Osha is a member of the parsley family, and inhabits dry meadows in the West. It is traditionally used as a purifying tonic, and is a part of some Native American ceremonies. Modern clinical use of osha includes employing it as a decongestant, and a tonic for the respiratory and upper digestive systems.
Like some other wild members of this family, osha is difficult to cultivate, and so most (if not all) of the commercially available osha is taken from the wild. Because the plants do not reproduce freely, and because the root is the part of the plant taken, stands of osha that are harvested from will diminish in size unless the harvest is done in a very careful, precise way.
Cultivation: Osha is probably best cultivated by assisting propagation in existing (wild) stands. Seeds can be germinated by freezing, then planting in a cold frame, but will generally not thrive or survive under cultivated conditions, apparently requiring some specific combination of soil type/chemistry, weather, and sunlight.
Spikenard
(Aralia racemosa) Aralia racemosa shares the common name "spikenard" with several other medicinal plants, some of which are related and some of which are not. This plant is a member of the Aralia family, which includes the ginsengs as well as ivy. Among the tribes of eastern North America, the spicy root of spikenard has known many uses, most commonly as a blood purifier.
Today, it is sold primarily for these same properties, usually as an ingredient in herbal formulas. Spikenard populations in the wild face not only the pressure of harvesting (and sometimes over-harvesting), but also habitat loss due to development, logging, strip mining, and the clearing of land for farming. Like many other woodland plants, spikenard thrives only in a limited set of circumstances, so such pressures are all the more urgent. Furthermore, spikenard does not have the widespread recognition that ginseng has, although it faces many of the same problems.
Cultivation: Spikenard prefers rich, acidic soils with moist soil and good drainage, and partial to full shade. It thrives on woodland slopes and near the edges of woods. The rootstock is harvested in fall, after the berries have ripened and the leaves have begun to fade. The plant is not mature enough to harvest until after it has produced berries, which is often in the third or fourth year but may take longer.
Spignet - Backache
Make tea or powder of the roots
Rabbit Tobacco - Colds
Make tea of leaves and stalks
Red Alder - High Blood
Make tea of bark
Wild Cherry - Measles and colds
Make tea of bark
Beech Bark - Vomiting
Make tea
Peach Leaves - Boils and risings
Make poultice from leaves and meal
Boneset - Pneumonia
Make tea of leaves and stalks
Small Ragweed - Poison oak or ivy
Heat leaves and rub on
Goldenrod - Consumption
Make tea of leaves and stalks
Ratbane - Typhoid fever
Make tea of leaves and stalks
Elder - Heartburn
Make tea of bark
Ginseng - Colic
Make tea of the roots
12 O'Clock Weed - Kills flies
Crush leaves in sweet milk
Queen of the Meadow - Nausea at certain times
Make tea of leaves and roots
Christmas Fern - Fever
Make tea of leaves or stems
Ground Ivy - Hives
Make tea of leaves or stems
Yellow Root - Sore mouth, sore throat or stomach trouble
Make tea of the roots
Heat Leaves - Cold
Beat the whole plant and make tea
Bull Nettle - Stop teething babies from slobbering
Make beads of roots
Blackberry
One of the herbs known the longest time for soothing stomach problems is the blackberry. Using a strong tea from the roots is helpful is reducing and soothing swollen tissues and joints. An infusion from the leaves is also used as a tonic for stimulating the entire system. A decoction from the roots, sweetened with sugar or honey, makes a syrup used for an expectorant. It is also healing for sore throats and gums. The leaves can also be chewed fresh to soothe bleeding gums.
The Cherokee historically use the tea for curing diarrhea.
Gum - Black Gum
Cherokee healers use a mild tea made from small pieces of the bark and twigs to relieve chest pains.
Willow Bark
The bark of the branches is stripped and dried. A tea is made from the bark that is useful for aches, pains and headaches. This is the original aspirin!
Cherokee Medicinal Herbs
The Cherokee have been gifted by the Creator with an understanding of the gathering, use and preservation of medicinal herbs. The Cherokee believe that these plants were put on this earth to provide not only healing methods, but preventative measures, as well. Many plants have disappeared throughout the years or have become extremely scarce. Because of this, we recommend extreme care in gathering wild herbs and other plants. The old ones taught that when you gather, only pick or dig every third plant you find. This will ensure that enough specimens remain to continue propagation. Many traditionalists carry on the practice of asking the plant's permission to be gathered, and leave a small gift of thanks. This can be a small bead or other such item. It is also recommended by Cherokee traditionalists that should you find a wild crop of useful herbs, do not share its location unless it is to a person very close to you. This will ensure that large numbers of people do not clean out an entire wild crop in a short time. Additional information regarding the gathering, usage and application of medicinal herbs can be found by talking to the elders of a Cherokee family. Many of these people will still recall some of the home remedies that their families used, as well as provide information on herbs which they themselves use. We share a few of the herbs common to the old Cherokee country, and their uses. Remember, these plants are very valuable as medicines because of the great chemical powers they contain. At the same time, these chemicals can be potentially dangerous if used in the wrong way. Cherokee herbalists have great experience, and have gone through extensive training and observation. Novice herbal practitioners are advised to seek out and develop a close relationship with Cherokee herbalists or their elders to learn how to use these medicines properly. One of the herbs known the longest time for soothing stomach problems is the blackberry. Using a strong tea from the roots is helpful is reducing and soothing swollen tissues and joints. An infusion from the leaves is also used as a tonic for stimulating the entire system. A decoction from the roots, sweetened with sugar or honey, makes a syrup used for an expectorant. It is also healing for sore throats and gums. The leaves can also be chewed fresh to soothe bleeding gums. The Cherokee historically use the tea for curing diarrhea. Cherokee healers use a mild tea made from small pieces of black gum bark and twigs to relieve chest pains. Hummingbird Blossom (Buck Brush) is used by Cherokee healers by making a weak decoction of the roots for a diuretic that stimulates kidney function. Cat Tail (Cattail) is not a healing agent, but is used for preventative medicine. It is an easily digestable food helpful for recovering from illness, as it is bland. Most all parts of the
plant, except for the mature leaves and the seed head, are edible. Due to wide-spread growing areas, it is a reliable food source all across America. The root has a very high starch content, and can be gathered at any time. Preparation is very similar to potatoes, and can be mashed, boiled, or even mixed with other foods. The male plant provides a pollen that is a wonderful source for protein. You can add it as a supplement to other kinds of flour when making breads. A decoction of the small roots of Pull Out a Sticker (Greenbriar) is useful as a blood purifier. It is also a mild diuretic. Some healers make a salve from the leaves and bark, mixed with hog lard, and apply to minor sores, scalds and burns. Some Cherokee healers also use the root tea for arthritis. Mint teas are a stimulant for the stomach, as it aids in digestion. The crushed and bruised leaves can be used as a cold compress, made into a salve, or added to the bath water which relieves itching skin. Cherokee healers also use an infusion of the leaves and stems to lower high blood pressure. Tobacco-like Plant (Mullein) is one of the oldest herbs, and some healers recommend inhaling the smoke from smoldering mullein roots and leaves to soothe asthma attacks and chest congestion. The roots can be made into a warm decoction for soaking swollen feet or reducing swelling in joints. It also reduces swelling from inflammation and soothes painful, irritated tissue. It is particularly useful to the mucous membranes. A tea can be made from the flowers for a mild sedative. All parts of Qua lo ga (common Sumac) have a medicinal use. Mild decoctions from the bark can be used as a gargle for sore throats, and may be taken for a remedy for diarrhea. A tea from the leaves and berries also reduces fevers. Fresh bruised leaves and ripe berries are made into a poultice which soothes poison ivy. A drink from the ripened or dried berries makes a pleasant beverage which is a good source of vitamin C. The Cherokee commonly recommend a mild tea of Big Stretch, or Nuyigala dinadanesgi utana (Wild Ginger) made from the rootstock which is a mild stimulant for the digestive system. It can also help colic, intestinal gas, or the common upset stomach. A strong, hot infusion of the roots can act as an expectorant in eliminating mucus from the lungs. Fresh wild ginger may be substituted for the regular store-bought ginger roots as a spice for cooking. The ripe fruit of What Rabbits Eat, or Jisdu unigisdi (Wild Rose) is a rich source of Vitamin C, and is a reliable preventative and cure for the common cold. The tea from the hips is a mild diuretic, and stimulates the bladder and kidneys. When the infusion of the petals is used, it is an ancient remedy for sore throats. Cherokee healers recommend a decoction of the roots for diarrhea. Squirrel Tail, or Saloli gatoga (Yarrow) has many uses. The best known use is to stop excess bleeding. Freshly crushed leaves can be applied to open wounds or cuts, and the properties of the herb will cause the blood to clot. A fresh juice of yarrow, diluted with spring or distilled water, can halt internal bleeding such as stomach and intestinal disorders. The leaves, prepared as a tea, is believed to stimulate intestinal functions and aid in digestion. It also helps the flow of the kidneys, as well as the gallbladder. A decoction made of the leaves and stems acts as an astringent, and is a wonderful wash for all kinds of skin problems such as acne, chapped hands, and other irritations. Looks Like Coffee, or Kawi Iyusdi (Yellow Dock) is not only a medicinal herb, but also a food. It is much like spinach, but actually contains more vitamins and minerals. Because of the long taproot, it gathers nutrients from deep underground. The leaves are a source of iron, and also have laxative properties. Juices from the stems, prepared in a decoction, can be made into an ointment with beeswax and olive oil, and used for itching, minor sores, diaper rash, and other irritations. Cherokee herbalists prescribe a warm wash made from the decoction of crushed roots for a disinfectant. Juice from the root, not prepared in any certain way, is said to be a cure for ringworm. As always, remember that these plants are very valuable as medicines because of the great chemical powers they contain. At the same time, these chemicals can be potentially dangerous if used in the wrong way. Cherokee herbalists have great experience, and have gone through extensive training and observation. Novice herbal practitioners are advised to seek out and develop a close relationship with Cherokee herbalists or their elders to learn how to use these medicines properly.
MORE COMING SOON